here's what's going on in my undereducated brain
there's 2 types of thermostats
the standard style, which is old school fails in the closed position and causes overheating
the reverse poppet, which fails in the open position which is what our cars come with.
If the thermostat is open, be it from failing or from being installed wrong, sagging down in the water outlet and leaving a gap on top, then coolant is always flowing through the entire system decreasing the ability of the engine to warm up.
Now take into account that there is a radiator, when you are moving airflow is cooling the fluid, and when you are not moving the engine has more fluid to heat, but the radiator isn’t doing much. When stationary (under 5mph or whatever) and the temp get’s high enough the fan(s) turn on and produce airflow across the radiator to regulate temperature.
I would still be suspicious of the thermostat even if it has been replaced, most people probably just use the cheap one that the part store keeps in stock, which may be junk, or it may be improperly installed.
I have forgotten to swap out a jdm sensor and had issues with the gauge, although I don’t recall the gauge ever getting to half way.
Rock auto has thermostats for 10 bucks (I’d go beck, their stuff is sometimes repackaged oem, if not repackaged higher end brand usually) and the sensor is 6 bucks (1 wire is for gauge)
swap the sensor first because it's easy see if that fixes the issue then check the thermostat
(you can test a thermostat by removing it and putting it in a pot of water and heating, but by the time you pull it out, just replace it)